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 Esque Occidental-Interlingue besona reforms ?

A, on va pensar! Ancor un qui vol imposir al altres su proprie opinions e talmen, acter quam un chef erga tis...

Li ver conossers de Occidental va forsan dir: "Si il ne ama Occidental, do il dev inventer un altri project, ma ne disformar li ovre de Von Wahl [o il dev contentarse con su proprie invention, Sambahsa-Mundialect]!".

Ti pensada vell esser partialmen justificat: Qui hav li autorità por modificar un auxlang inventeti de altriquem? Securmen nequi'. On sav li damne grand causat al historie del moviment por un lingue international quand Zamenhof refusat changeaments por Esperanto. Forsan, pos un adoption del ameliorations preconisat del fundators futur del Ido, li lingue international de hodie vell esser un auxlang.

Esperanto hav litt successu, ma it es tre relativ e, notatmen, reservat a clubs de initiats, quam tis qui pràctica luds quam Scrabble...

Pro to, yo ne intent preconisar un reformation, un revolution intra Occidental-Interlingue, ma solmen quelc nov idés fidel al spiritu del ovre de Von Wahl.

Quo me interessa mult in li lingue Occidental ne es li romanità del vocabularium (alor on mey recurrer ad Interlingua) ma qualmen Von Wahl ha elaborat it: Desde lingues natural sovente desordinat, il ha desgageat reguls precisi quels apporta o'rdin e simplicità.

Talmen, yo reconoss tutmen que Occidental me ha auxiliat ad trovar li punt final del grammàtica de Sambahsa, it es li adoption (con quelc modifications) del reguls de Von Wahl in sambahsa. Si li labors de un "auxlanger" poss server ad un altri project, ne simil al sue, yo pensa que to demonstra li qualità e seriose de su serchas!

Do, it es respectantmen li spiritu de Von Wahl que yo va proposir ci quelc directions de modifications.

Pri li vocabularium. Ya, personalmen, yo vell favorar un apertura vers li lingues oriental, o vers li commun radics indo-europan. Ma yo concept que to ne vell indubitativmen corresponder al voluntà initial del doct estonian.

Simplicmen, yo pensa que on vell dever chanjear vocabuls quand illi ne es vermen international e ne entra i'nter li sciental ràdics greco-latin. To es regratabil, notatmen si ti-ci radics es retrovabil in ultra che altri families linguistic indo-europan. Yo va dar quelc exemples fundamental.

"Manjar" existe solmen in francese "manger" e in italian "mangiare" (e apen in ruman "mânca"). Latin havet "edere/esse"; classic Grec havet "esthiein"; Anglese hav "to eat", German "essen", Russ "estj"... omnes veni del radic indoeuropan commun *ed ("edd" in sambahsa).

In francese, "manjabil" es "comestible". On reconoss ta li origin del hispan "comer", ex un latin vocabul "com" ("junt").

On poss extracter ex it un form "esti" quo vell esser melior quam "manjar" e do pu international.

"Trincar" es germanic (e exist anc in francese, ma solmen por alcohol!); it es ancor un prunt ad esperanto... ancor ne tre felici!

Li romanic lingues ha conservat un form ex li latin "bibere". In comparation con li slav (ex. Russ "pitj"; multi slav lingues hav "pivo" por "bira"), on poss proposir un forme nov "bive".

Vice "ear", yo deduct li form "itar" del vocabuls "equitar" e "levitar". Ti form "itar" vell esser proxim del slav (ex: Russ "idti").

Legendar person, Tristan est is product om tri folklores: arab, celtic ed franceois. Eiso storia est lohgen in medieval narns (XIIt secule) ab Béroul, Thomas ed Marie de France. In id XIIIt secule, eis aventure biht integret ei Graal sohkw.

Tristan os Loonois est un orbh alen ab sien oncle, Roy Marc, in Cornwall. Is bevidt oku exceptional ghabs, ed se mehldt per heroyic exploits (geih protiev iom giganto Morholt ed iom Dragon)/ Marc maimoureiht iom med gwahe Erin ed ei bringhes tsay Isold iam Blond kay wehde iam; in id nav, bo yuwenks drehnke ittifak-ye un "herbat vin", magic philter quod majnouneiht i dia mutu.

Marc wehdt Isold, bet Tristan ed Isold ne zalieubhe mutu: zina liaison, quod dwinght ad Tristan linkwes id roydem pro Bretagne, quer is wehdt aun liubhes iam un gwenak, namen Isold Albhands.

Khakend myehrstum preter Isold, vurnt in un combat, mehrnd, Tristano maimoureiht sien priento med bringhes ei tsay Isold iam Blond - quas talents as dastkarin - ep un albhseghel nav. Ob jalousia, dwoter Isold mehldt sieni mann un swordseghel nav, signe os deuys ios mission: Tristano mehrt ed Isold ia Blond landt kay hamrahe iom in id mohrt.

Un tradition addeiht od dwo implohcta drus hant crohsct ep ia tumbhs im dwo tragic maaschouks: Marie de France, med sien Lai ios Aygfel, kwehrsiet ex to uno motive os curtese poesis.

IS HEROY, IS LIEUBHER ED IS TRAGIC OISSTANDER

Kam Oedipus, Tristan est prevst-ye is victor em monsters: is inkap-ye leurt id citad ud ids khiter stieures. Christianisme assimilet iom ad Sainto Georgum au Sainto Michel. Tristan est beghaben med vasya talents: Bringht ad Cornwalls Barbars sien technic ed artistic genie, conjugend id "metis" (tertipe) os Ulysses ed ia ghabs os Orpheus.

Bet isschi est un tragic heroy, prisoner siens fat ed placen sub id signe os mohrt. Eis namo marct eis gwit, sub id sgill uns "trist" fatalitat: orbh, is ne poitt gwive con tam is lieubht ed mehrt ob un sombre leugh. Id philter pohn ab Tristan ed Isold,  in un christian prospect, yeist tsay symbolic-ye ei orsynt: id couple incarnet id payttend ed decheen humanitat, quod retrehfsiet innocence ye id termin ios passion (sams liubh ed paytten) ed in id mohrt. Tod "bell basm om liubh ed mohrt", sekwent id wekwos os Bédier, tarjmant ed critiquer os Tristan ed Isold, est revelator ios angh alliance, in occidental men, iom dwo principes, erôs ed thanatos.

Tournier bad, in sieni essai "Id pleuk ios vampire", mehldt od Tristan est un oisstander qui diweidt ia conventions om gham ed social hierarchia, ne ob defie kam Don Juan kwehrsiet, sontern ob dervia sieni passion, ob taatia ei magia ios philter.

Emen tsay ab iens englisch romantiquers ios XIXt secule Arnold, Tennyson, Swinburne ed bilhassa deutsch con Schlegel ed Wagner, id mythos om Tristan ed Isold hat biht emblematic ios inseparable couple ed os liubh ghaben ka passion exter convention: sei Marc est is mann, Tristan est is maaschouk ed is liubhen seso. Deub liubh, id erôs awiet-se fatal-ye exter gham: est zina ed clandestin, kyohmen ab obstacles qua meurche id. Kam Rougemonts analyse deict id in "Id liubh ed id Occident" (1939), liubh in id occidental gafiker est ordeil, wander, impossible sohkw alters, ed ghehdt ses tik to, sonst fictsiet-se in conjugal idyll.

Noi have grand plesur presentar li video leciones in e pri Occidental/Interlingue.

Li videos es episodes del television programma "International Memorandum".

In ti-ci video númere un noi presenta li introductin in li lingue anglés. Alor noi continua con textus in Occidental/Interlingue.

E nu, li presentation:

Por vider li leciones on deve adherer a ti-ci site quam un membre.

Ti-ci video es in anglesi, ma li video es important.

Ples vider li video e ples pensar pri li information.

Uropi

Bird's eye view

alphabet and pronUnciation

There are 24 letters. Each letter corresponds to a sound and each sound to a letter.

a b c d e f g h i j 3 k l m n o p r s t u v w z

a, e, i, o, u are pronounced as in Italian or Spanish : casa, solo, vino, luna, pepe

c is pronounced as « sh » shut 3 is pronounced as « s » in pleasure*

g is always pronounced as in give r is rolled as in Spanish

j is pronounced as « y» in boy or yoghurt s is pronounced as in save or class

All the other letters are pronounced as in English

* This letter corresponds to the international phonetic symbol [3] for the French, Portuguese, Rumanian sound [j] (= s in measure). (When you don't have this symbol on your computer you can use the numeral 3 : certain fonts such as Georgia ou Hoefler text put it in the right place.)

Diphtongs

Ai, aj are pronounced as y in by, why : ex : aj, paj, vaiz

Ei, ej are pronounced as ay in pay, say ex : pej, lej, bej

Ij is pronounced as French ille in fille ex. bij, cijo, perij

Oi, oj are pronounced as oy in boy, toy ex : coj, foj, soin

Ui, uj are pronounced oo + y as French ouille in mouille ex : duj, muj, ruin

Au, aw are pronounced as ow in cow, how ex : Paul, paw, bawo

Ou, ow are pronounced as ow in low, o in nose ex : goul

Eu, ew are pronounced as eu in Italian or Spanish Europa ex : Europa

THE VERB

The Uropi verbal system can be summed up with 3 formulas (o - an - en), ( Ø - ì - ev) and ( ve-o, se-an, av-en, vid-en )

- 3 VERBAL FORMS : -o -an -en = Infinitive & Participles

-O = Infinitive ex : skrivo, liso, sopo, jedo = to write, to read, to sleep, to eat

-AN = Present participle ex : san, skrivan, flan, sopan = being, writing, blowing, sleeping

-EN = Past participle ex : lisen, jeden, flen, opren = read, eaten, blown, open

- 3 SIMPLE TENSES : Ø - ì - ev = Present, Past, Conditional

Ø (no ending or -e ending when pronouncing is impossible) = Present

ex : skriv, lis, sop, jed = write, read, sleep, eat se, ste, fle, opre = is, stand, blow, open

-Ì = Past ex : sì, avì, oprì, sopì = was, had, opened, slept

-EV = Conditional ex : sev, avev, lisev, venev = would be, have, read, come

-3 AUXILIARIES : So (to be), Avo (to have), Vido (to get) + 1 particle : Ve

VE-O (ve + infinitive) = Future ex : ve so, ve avo, ve sopo = will be, will have, will sleep

SE-AN (to be + present participle) = The Durative Form (progressive or continuous)

It is used to insist on the duration, the continuity of an action (= to be + Ving)

ex : se lisan, se sopan = is reading, is sleeping

AV-EN (to have + past participle) = PAST TENSES

av-en = Present Perfect ex : av jeden, av venen = has eaten, has come

Avo + -en is also used to form the pluperfect (avì-en, ex: avì sopen = had slept) and the

past conditional (Avev-en, ex: avev aven = would have had)

VID-EN (to get + past participle) = PASSIVE

Vid jeden, vidì tuden, ve vido opren = is (gets) eaten, got (was) killed, will be open

PERSONAL PRONOUNS & POSSESSIVES

i = I ma = me mo = to me mi = my

tu = you (sing) ta = you (obj.) to = to you ti = your

he = he ha = him ho = to him hi = his

ce = she ca = her co = to her ci = her

je = it ja = it jo = to it jo = its

nu = we na = us no = to us, ni = our

vu = you (plur) va = you vo = to you vi = your

lu = they la = them lo = to them li = their

We should add the indefinite pronoun UN = one, and the reflexive pronoun SIA = oneself (sio = to oneself, possessive siu = one's) . The verb remains the same whatever the person.

conjugaTion

Affirmative : personal pronoun + verb ; Interrogative : verb + personal pronoun; Negative : personal pronoun + verb + NE

Ex : I skriv, he lisì, ce ve sopo = I write, he read, she will sleep

Piv tu ?, Venì he ? Zavev lu ? = Do you drink ? Did he come ? Would they know ?

Nu vol ne, vu av ne vizen = We don't want, you haven't seen

De beb sì sopan, je v'ne liuvo = The baby was sleeping, it won't rain

Avev vu iten za ? Tu jed ne = Would you have gone there ? You don't eat

ARTICLES

In Uropi, there are 2 articles.

* The definite article de = the, for all nouns

ex : de man, de mata, de kat, de hase = the man, the mother, the cat, the houses

* The indefinite article u, un (in front of a vowel) = a, an ; doesn't'exist in the plural

ex : u kun, u kuna, un ovel, mane, kate = a dog, a bitch, a bird, men, cats

THE NOUN

In Uropi there are 2 types of nouns : the nouns ending in a consonant and the nouns ending

in -a

* All masculinE nouns end in a consonAnT

They designate only male sexed beings and correspond to the pronoun he = he

ex : man, kun, pater, frat, kwal, doktor = man, dog, father, brother, horse, doctor

* All fémininE nouns end in -a

ex : 3ina, kata, mata, sesta, kwala = woman, she-cat, mother, sister, mare

They designate only female sexed beings and correspond to the pronoun Ce = she

Feminine nouns can be formed by adding -a to masculine nouns ex : kat > kata

* All the other nouns are neutEr ; they correspond to the pronoun je = it

They end either in a consonant or in -a

ex : has, tag, strad, luc, vag, natùr = house, roof, street, light, car, nature

kina, teatra, dia, sta, vima = cinema, theatre, day, place, winter

Plural

* The nouns ending in a consonant take an -E

ex : hase, mane, vage, kune, frate = houses, men, cars, dogs, brothers

* The nouns ending in -a take an -S

ex : katas, kinas, tiotas, dias, aktoras = she-cats, cinemas, aunts, days, actresses

THe génitiVE

It is the possessive phrase (‘s). It is the last trace of the old Indo-european declension system ; it remains in most of the present European languages: Slavic, Baltic, Germanic languages (except Dutch), Greek, Rumanian, Albanian, Armenian, etc...

* The nouns ending in a consonant take an -i , in the singular, -is in the plural

ex : mani = man's, vagi = car-, of a car, kuni = dog's, kwalis = horses', de kunis = the dogs', de tage de hasis = the roofs of the houses, de kun mi patri = my father's dog, de luce de vagis = the lights of the cars

* For the nouns in -a, the -a is replaced by -u in the singular, -us in the plural

ex : veste 3inus = women's clothes, de fram ti sestu = your sister's friend, un aktora kinu = a film star (cinema actress) , de mata mi kuzinu = my cousin's mother

* The genitive can be used to form adjectives from nouns

ex : noc = nuit > noci = night-, nightly, noci ovel = night bird, diu fafìl = (day) butterfly, man > mani = man's, masculine, mani veste = men's clothes, mani moda = men's fashion

* The genitive is used to form compounds

ex : vag + luc > vagilùc = « car light », headlight, vod = water + fal = fall > vodifàl = waterfall, strad =

street + lamp = lamp > stradilàmp = streetlamp, vima = winter + sport > vimusporte = winter sports ,

kina + stel = étoile > kinustèl = film star

prépositions

a to gon against po for tra across

ane without in in, into pos after trawan during

be at instà instead pro in front of tru through

berù behind intra between slogan according to ude under

do towards ki with su on us out of

dod since obte in spite of sube above usim except

for before ov about tis till uve over

ADJECTIVES

In Uropi adjectives are invariable ; They are always placed in front of the noun

Ex : u jun man, mi seni mata, nar kate, = a young man, my old mother, black cats

de somu dias, u famos aktora = the summer days, a famous actress

Comparatives

Greater degree maj... te = more..., ...er than

ex : ce se maj jun te i = she is younger than me (I)

Lesser degree min... te = less... than, not so... as

ex : vu se min alti te he = you are not so tall as him (he)

Equal degree os... te = as... as

ex : he se os glaj te tu = he is as merry as you

Superlatives

Greater degree de maj... = the most... (or de + adjective + -es)

ex : di flor se de maj bel, de beles = this flower is the most beautiful

Lesser degree de min... = the least...

ex : he se de min seni od tale = he is the least old of all

THE NUMBERS

0 nul 7 sep 30 trides

1 un 8 oc 100 sunte

2 du 9 nev 200 dusunte

3 tri 10 des 1000 tilie

4 kwer 11 desùn 3000 tritilie

5 pin 12 desdù 1000 000 un miliòn

6 ses 20 dudes 1000 000 000 un miliàrd

ex : 574 = pinsunte sesdes kwer, 2 350 819 = du milione trisunte pindes tilie ocsunte desnèv

Ordinal numbers : pri = 1^st, duj = 2^nd, trij = 3^rd, kweri = 4^th, pini = 6^th, sesi = 6^th, sepi = 7^th, etc...

THE TIME

Ka hor se je ? = What time is it ? Je s' un (hor) = It's one o' clock

Je s' midià = It's twelve o' clock (noon) Je s' du id dudes = It's twenty past two

Je s' midià id des = it's ten past twelve Je s' tri min des = it's ten to three

Je s'oc min kwert = it's a quarter to eight Je s' kwer id mij = it's half past four

Je s' nev id kwert = it's a quarter past nine

Be ka hor inìz de konsèrt ? = What time is the concert ?

Be dudes id mij = At half past eight pm

Hor = hour minùt = minute sekùnd = second

THE DATE

The days of the week

Lundia = Monday Mididia = Wednesday Wendia = Friday

Mardia = Tuesday Zusdia = Thursday Sabadia = Saturday

Soldia = Sunday

The months of the year

Janvar = January Maj = May September = September

Febrar = February 3un = June Oktober = October

Mars = March 3ul = July November = November

Aprìl = Avril Agùst = August December = December

Odia se 26i (dudes sesi) September 2005 (dutilie pin) = Today is 26 September 2005

Be pri Maj = on 1^st May, be 11i (desuni) November = on 11th November

Jesta = yesterday odia = today domòr = tomorrow

Forjesta = day before yesterday posdomòr = day after tomorrow

Tri dias for = three days ago in tri dias = in three days

The seasons

Verna = spring, soma = summer, otèm = autumn, vima = winter

origin oF uropi WORDS

Uropi words stem from the common Indo-European roots which gave birth to most of the words used today in nearly all European languages (apart from Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian.)

For example the root sâwel* = sun > Uropi sol can be found in Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Rumanian, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, English, German, Dutch, Russian, Po-lish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian..., Lithuanian, Lettish, Greek, Welsh, Breton, + Sanskrit and Hindi.

The root mâtêr* = mother > Uropi mata can be found in Greek, Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, English, German, Dutch, Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian..., Lithuanian, Lettish, Albanian, Armenian, Gaelic, Breton, + Sanskrit, Hindi, Farsi (Persian), etc...

Here are a few examples of Indo-European roots which gave birth to basic Uropi vocabulary:

Pëtêr* = father > U. pater, bhrâtêr* = brother > U. frat, sûnús* = son > U. son, mori* = sea > U. mar, snighws* = snow > U. snev, stâyô* = to stand > U. sto, sed-* = to sit > U. sedo, leghmi* = to lie > U. le3o, gwîwô* = to live > U. 3ivo, mer-* = to die > U. moro, mêns* = month > U. mon, dyêus* = day > U. dia, édmi* = to eat > U. jedo, pibô = to drink > U. pivo, gwous* = ox > U. gov, kwôn = dog > U. kun, etc...

Uropi gathers the terms which are common to most European languages (Indo-European roots, international words, borrowings, calques, etc...) It is the greatest common denominator between European languages.

A FeW simple seNTENCEs

Piv tu ne bir ? Don't you drink beer ? Di se bel voke ! These are fine words !

Di bib se Petri This book is Peter's I nud okle I need glasses

Tu staj be dom You stay at home Mi sesta jeg pianò My sister plays the piano

He av ne mozen veno He couldn't come I se le3an su ruk I'm lying on my back

Is verem se bel i v'ito pasìto If the weather is fine I'll go for a walk

I av iten kopo u romàn I have gone and bought a novel

I ve diko ja vo domòr I'll show it to you tomorrow

He pragì mo kamòl kostì de vin He asked me how much the wine cost